Verbs

Analysis of Deponent, Impersonal, and passive verbs in Gaulish

Conjugation

Subjunctive endings

Below is a table of a- and s-subjunctive endings (active present) as postulated for Proto-Celtic by David Stifter:¹

a-subjunctive s-subjunctive
1st sing. -asū -sū
2nd sing. -asesi -sesi
3rd sing. -aseti -seti
1st pl. -asomosi -somosi
2nd pl. -asetesi -setesi
3rd pl. -asonti -sonti

Verb Classes

Thematic/Athematic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thematic_vowel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language#Verbs

Irish Classification

Comparison of Verbal Classification Systems (from Stifter's Sengoidelc)

Thurneysen

AI

AII

AIII -a-

AIII -i-

AIII -o/u/e-

BI

BII

BIII

BIV

BV

Thurneysen Classification

Weak Verbs
AI
AII
AIII
Strong Verbs
BI
BII
BIII
BIV
BV

McCone Classification

Weak Verbs
W1
W2
Hiatus Verbs
H1
H2
Strong Verbs
S1
S2
S3

Preverbal particles

Table of Celtic preverbal particles.²

PIE P-Celt. Pr. Irish Old Irish Definition
*ad > *ad- > ad· / ad- at, to(wards)
pr̥h₂i > *(φ)ari > *ari- > ar· / air-‘ before, for
*ati > *ati- > ad· / aith-‘ back, again, re-
*km̥ta > *kanta- > ceta· / cét- down
*kom > *kom > con· / com- with, together
*de, *dē > *de-, *dī- > do· / de-‘, dí-‘ away from
?*eĝʰs > *eks > *exs- > as· / ess- out of
*enter > *enter- > eter· / eter- between
*upo > *u(φ)o > *wo- > fo· / fo- under
*uper > *wer-, *wor- > *wor- > for· / for- on, over
√*wert- → *writi, *writs > *writ-, *wriss- > fris· / frith-, fre(s)- towards, against
*epi → ?*e(φ)i-ro-m > *ērm- > íarmi· / íarm- after, behind
*h₂n̥t-bhi > *m̥bʰi > *ambi- > *imbi- > imm· / imm-‘ around
*en, *eni > *en(i)- > [ad·, as·] / en-‘ in(to)
(*en >) n̥ + *-de or -dʰi > *ande- > *inde- > in· / in(d)-‘ in(to)
*ni > *ni- > — / ne- down
?*priHom > ?*(φ)riy-o-m > *riyan ⇒ remi· / rem-‘ before, pre-
*pro > *(φ)ro > *ro- > ro· / ro- forth, before
*tu or *to > *tu- or *to- > do· / to-, tu- perfective
√?*terh₁- → *treh₁-i > *trei > *tri- ⇒ tremi· / tre(m)-‘ across, through
*up-s > *uxs- > as· / uss- up, out
*ud-s > *uts > *uss- > as· / uss- up(wards)

References

  1. Stifter, D. (2006). Sengoidelc: Old Irish for beginners. Syracuse University Press.
  2. Gordon, R. C. (2012). Derivational morphology of the Early Irish verbal noun. Los Angeles. University of California.