Analysis of Deponent, Impersonal, and passive verbs in Gaulish
Below is a table of a- and s-subjunctive endings (active present) as postulated for Proto-Celtic by David Stifter:¹
| a-subjunctive | s-subjunctive | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | -asū | -sū |
| 2nd sing. | -asesi | -sesi |
| 3rd sing. | -aseti | -seti |
| 1st pl. | -asomosi | -somosi |
| 2nd pl. | -asetesi | -setesi |
| 3rd pl. | -asonti | -sonti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thematic_vowel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language#Verbs
Comparison of Verbal Classification Systems (from Stifter's Sengoidelc) |
Thurneysen |
AI |
AII |
AIII -a- |
AIII -i- |
AIII -o/u/e- |
BI |
BII |
BIII |
BIV |
BV |
Table of Celtic preverbal particles.²
| PIE | P-Celt. | Pr. Irish | Old Irish | Definition |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ad > | *ad- > | ad· / ad- | at, to(wards) | |
| pr̥h₂i > | *(φ)ari > | *ari- > | ar· / air-‘ | before, for |
| *ati > | *ati- > | ad· / aith-‘ | back, again, re- | |
| *km̥ta > | *kanta- > | ceta· / cét- | down | |
| *kom > | *kom > | con· / com- | with, together | |
| *de, *dē > | *de-, *dī- > | do· / de-‘, dí-‘ | away from | |
| ?*eĝʰs > | *eks > | *exs- > | as· / ess- | out of |
| *enter > | *enter- > | eter· / eter- | between | |
| *upo > | *u(φ)o > | *wo- > | fo· / fo- | under |
| *uper > | *wer-, *wor- > | *wor- > | for· / for- | on, over |
| √*wert- → | *writi, *writs > | *writ-, *wriss- > | fris· / frith-, fre(s)- | towards, against |
| *epi → | ?*e(φ)i-ro-m > | *ērm- > | íarmi· / íarm- | after, behind |
| *h₂n̥t-bhi > *m̥bʰi > | *ambi- > | *imbi- > | imm· / imm-‘ | around |
| *en, *eni > | *en(i)- > | [ad·, as·] / en-‘ | in(to) | |
| (*en >) n̥ + *-de or -dʰi > | *ande- > | *inde- > | in· / in(d)-‘ | in(to) |
| *ni > | *ni- > | — / ne- | down | |
| ?*priHom > | ?*(φ)riy-o-m > | *riyan ⇒ | remi· / rem-‘ | before, pre- |
| *pro > | *(φ)ro > | *ro- > | ro· / ro- | forth, before |
| *tu or *to > | *tu- or *to- > | do· / to-, tu- | perfective | |
| √?*terh₁- → *treh₁-i > | *trei > | *tri- ⇒ | tremi· / tre(m)-‘ | across, through |
| *up-s > | *uxs- > | as· / uss- | up, out | |
| *ud-s > | *uts > | *uss- > | as· / uss- | up(wards) |